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Qutb Shahi dynasty
The Qutb Shahi dynasty was a Twelver Shi'i Muslim〔Christoph Marcinkowski, ''Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts'', (LIT Verlag GmbH & Co., 2010), 169.〕 Turkoman〔Annemarie Schimmel, ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', (Otto Harrasowitz, 1975), 143.〕 dynasty, purportedly related to the Kara Koyunlu dynasty of Turkmenistan that initially patronized Persianate〔Christoph Marcinkowski, ''Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts'', 169-170;"''The Qutb-Shahi kingdom could be considered 'highly Persianate' with a large number of Persian-speaking merchants, scholars, and artisans present at the royal capital.''"〕 culture. Its members were collectively called the Qutub Shahis and were the ruling family of the kingdom of Golkonda in modern-day India. The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis.〔C.E. Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties'', (Columbia University Press, 1996), 328.〕 In 1636, Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty,〔 which lasted until 1687 when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Golcondan sultanate.
==History==
The dynasty's founder, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, migrated to Delhi with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century. Later he migrated south, to the Deccan and served the Bahmani sultan, Mohammad Shah.〔George Michell, Mark Zebrowski, ''Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17.〕 He conquered Golconda, after the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom into the five Deccan sultanates.〔 Soon after, he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, took the title ''Qutub Shah'', and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was later assassinated in 1543 by his son, Jamsheed, who assumed the sultanate.〔 He later died in 1550 from cancer.〔Masʻūd Ḥusain K̲h̲ān̲, ''Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah'', Volume 216, (Sahitya Akademi, 1996), 2.〕 Jamsheed's young son reigned for a year, at which time the nobility brought back and installed Ibrahim Quli as sultan.〔 During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, relations between Hindus and Muslims were strengthened, even to the point of Hindus resuming their religious festivals like Diwali and Holi.〔Annemarie Schimmel, ''Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbāl'', (Otto Harrassowitz, 1975), 143.〕 Some Hindus rose to prominence in the Qutb Shahi state, the most important example being the ministers Madanna and Akkanna.
Golconda, and with the construction of the Char Minar, later Hyderabad served as capitals of the sultanate,〔 and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Deccan in 1687.〔Satish Chandra, ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals'', Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 331.〕
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